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Papua dan Demokrasi Deliberatif

JAGAPAPUA.COM - Setiap negara membutuhkan tata kelola masyarakat yang tepat agar tercapainya kesejahteraan dan kepentingan-kepentingan nasional. Pembangunan Nasional memerlukan kebijakan sekaligus kebijaksanaan dari Pemerintah Indonesia.

Sebagai negara yang heterogen, Indonesia memilih bentuk negara kesatuan republik dan menjalankan jenis kekuasaan demokrasi dengan rakyat sebagai pemegang kedaulatan tertinggi. Rakyat berdaulat berarti sarat akan terpenuhinya hak-hak individu (individual rights) dan hak-hak kelompok (communitarian rights) di atas kondisi multikultural bangsa. Dalam kondisi ideal, terciptanya keadilan dan kesetaraan dalam kehidupan berbangsa menjadi penopang kokoh dan tegaknya demokrasi, termasuk di tanah Papua.

Luka sejarah melekat dalam benak mereka, beberapa peristiwa yang dialami oleh rakyat Papua melahirkan kekecewaan yang terwariskan. Akibat absennya perwakilan Papua dalam perundingan nasib rakyat merupakan hal yang tidak terlupakan. Pun hingga pelaksanaan PEPERA yang merupakan hak bersuara dan menentukan nasib sendiri juga terlaksana tidak secara adil. Pengalaman berkehidupan di bawah masa-masa pembangunan terutama REPELITA I hingga REPELITA V dengan tanpa diberdayakan dan cenderung dipersaingkan dengan para transmigran membuat penduduk asli Papua merasa trauma dan pesimis akan kesejahteraan mereka di bawah Pemerintah Indonesia.

Demokrasi deliberatif merepresentasikan hadirnya asas-asas permusyawaratan yaitu adanya partisipasi masyarakat berupa komunikasi dalam suatu ruang publik. Hal yang menjadi dasar pemikiran Jurgen Habermas sebagai penggagas demokrasi deliberatif ini adalah dengan mendefinisikan pengetahuan kritis sebagai pembongkaran atas segala bentuk pemaksaan dan dominasi. Lebih lanjut, pengetahuan ini bertujuan untuk mengakomodir kepentingan emansipasi yang tujuannya adalah membebaskan manusia dari segala bentuk ketergantungan atau penindasan dan struktur-struktur yang membeku.

Pemikiran Habermas ini menentang segala macam bentuk hegemoni yang menghadirkan keadaan yang memperbudak rakyat dengan memonopoli kewenangan yang dimiliki oleh pihak-pihak tertentu. Bekal pengetahuan kritis tersebut sangat penting untuk dimiliki rakyat di era kebebasan ini dengan segala dinamika sebagai konsekuensi dalam penerapannya. Habermas menganalisis kemerosotan ranah publik pada abad ke-20 yaitu ditandai dengan bangkitnya kapitalisme negara, industri budaya dan posisi yang semakin kuat di pihak perusahaan ekonomi dan bisnis besar dalam kehidupan publik. Dalam ulasannya ini, ekonomi besar dan organisasi pemerintah telah mengambil alih ruang publik, dimana warga negara hanya diberi kepuasan untuk menjadi konsumen bagi barang, layanan, administrasi politik dan pertunjukkan publik.

Dengan semangat humanisme Marx, Habermas memberikan perhatian penuh kepada kebebasan rakyat dalam hidup bernegara. Arti penting gagasan Habermas adalah dukungannya terhadap demokrasi di dalam peradaban global, suatu demokrasi dalam arti sesungguhnya dimana masing-masing subyek di dalamnya bebas dalam melakukan tindak komunikasi dengan rasionalitasnya.  

Cita-cita demokrasi deliberatif ini adalah tercipta kondisi dimana rakyat dapat memberikan kritik atau memberi masukan serta terlibat pendapat dalam perumusan kebijakan-kebijakan pemerintah sebagai pemegang wewenang dan kekuasaan. Gagasan ini disempurnakan bentuknya dengan menghadirkan ruang publik ke dalam suatu tatanan masyarakat yang menganut demokrasi. Dalam bukunya yang berjudul The Structural Transformation of Public Sphere: An Inquiry into Category of Borgeois Society, Thomas Burger (terj.), ia menyampaikan bahwa negara diajak berdebat tentang isu-isu yang pada dasarnya bersifat privat namun memiliki relevansi publik, seperti isu pertukaran komoditas dan kerja sosial. Dalam konteks masyarakat Papua, Sangat diperlukan adanya komunikasi atau dialog-dialog agar kebijakan yang diberlakukan sesuai dengan kebutuhan rakyat Papua.

Jika mengingat histori Papua, nampaknya konsep demokrasi deliberatif dinilai cukup tepat. Beberapa hal yang dapat dipahami antara lain: Pertama, pemimpin yang tidak demokratis mendapat reaksi emansipatif dari rakyat yang dipimpinnya. Kedua, demi mewujudkan Papua berdaya, kebebasan dan pemenuhan akan hak asasi manusia Papua merupakan kunci harmonisasi hubungan Indonesia-Papua. Ketiga, Papua akan terus bergejolak selama kepentingan dan kebutuhan rakyatnya belum diprioritaskan dalam pembangunan. Ke-empat, tindakan represif-militeristik yang cenderung memaksakan dalam penanaman nasionalisme Indonesia dirasa kurang tepat dan hanya akan menumbuh-suburkan nasionalisme rakyat Papua untuk merdeka. Kelima, Pemerintah Indonesia seyogyanya melakukan reformulasi dalam pembangunan di Papua dengan menerapkan sistem demokrasi deliberatif.

Meskipun beberapa filsuf seperti Plato, Aristoteles dan Thomas Aquinas beranggapan bahwa demokrasi adalah sistem paling buruk dijalankan suatu negara, akan tetapi cita-cita memiliki negara dengan bangsa yang berkehidupan harmonis dan bermartabat nampaknya tidak hanya menjadi utopia belaka jika diperjuangkan dengan bermartabat pula. Karena menurut Habermas transformasi sosial perlu diperjuangkan melalui “dialog-dialog emansipatoris” dan hanya melalui “jalan komunikasi” dan bukan melalui “jalan dominasi”. (Hardiman dalam bukunya Kritik Ideologi : Pertautan Pengetahuan dan Kepentingan, 1993). Karena memaksakan perubahan revolusioner dirasa hanya akan mengganti penindasan lama ke penindasan bentuk baru. Inilah mengapa hegemoni lebih baik daripada dominasi. Hegemoni diartikan sebagai bentuk pewarisan nilai untuk membentuk kekuatan dengan menggunakan kepemimpinan moral dan intelektual, sedang dominasi diartikan sebagai tindakan kekerasan (represif) dalam memperoleh kekuasaan. (UWR)

Baca juga: https://jagapapua.com/article/detail/2941/pembangunan-di-papua-oap-menonton-dipinggir-arena

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